Flame Ionization Detector
Flame ionization detection (FID) is the most commonly used detector for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. FID is sensitive to molecules that are ionized in a hydrogen–air flame, including most carbon-containing compounds. But there are notable exceptions (see Table I). During the operation of an FID, the carrier gas that is leaving the column is mixed …
Preparation of Ammonium Sulfate Saturated Solution
Introduction Ammonium Sulfate is commonly used for reagent for protein precipitation (ammonium sulfate precipitation) and fractionation as it enhances hydrophobic interactions. Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280℃) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0℃; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100℃). …
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What is Chromatography?
A. Introduction Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables separation, identification, and purification of components of a mixture for qualitative analysis and quantitative determinations. Three components are central to any chromatography system. Figure 1 demonstrates chromatography principles using a filter paper as a stationary phase for separation of mixture components. This type of chromatography …
Gas Chromatography Troubleshooting
1. What is gas chromatography Gas chromatography (GC) is a widely used analytical technique for separating, identifying, and quantifying components of complex mixtures. It offers high sensitivity, resolution, and efficiency, making it indispensable in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, forensics, and food testing. However, like any analytical instrument, GC systems can encounter issues …
Drifting HPLC Peak Retention Times
A drift in analyte retention time over time is sometimes observed in HPLC chromatograms. This drift takes analytes outside their ‘retention window’ within the data analysis software leading to analyte peaks being missed (Figure 1). Peak drifting is often seen during long analysis sequence, analyzing “dirty” samples, or when installing a new HPLC column. A …